Adolescent Peer Pressure :: Peer Pressure Essays

Between the ages of twelve and nineteen is a period in a teenager's life that determines what kind of adult he or she will become. This period of adolescence, also known as the "formative years", is the subject of much study and research to determine why adolescents are vulnerable to the phenomenon called peer pressure. The disturbing number of incidents of teenage drug use, teenage pregnancy and teenage suicide is most assuredly the reason that fuels the need for such research. Perhaps it is because as children they are taught the importance of having and maintaining friends. Or perhaps they don't feel that they can talk to their parents or teachers when problems arise. Or maybe they simply want to rebel against the pressures placed on them as youths. Because adolescents spend their time either at home or in school, it is within these confines that the answers to adolescents' behavior lay. In other words, family and school can sometimes cause adolescents to give in to peer pressure because of an overemphasis on the importance of social adjustment, a lack of interest or communication on the part of the parents and teachers, and the unrealistic expectations that these entities create. Although the purpose of attending school is to receive an education, it also provides children with a medium through which they can develop relationships with other children that eventually turn into friendships. The ability to form friendships can be traced back to even the pre-school years and its importance henceforth emphasized by eager parents who want their children to fit in at school. "Interactions with friends or other peers are crucial for the development of a mature morality." (Juvonen, p.11) Most would agree that social interaction is important but sometimes parents are guilty of over-emphasizing this importance. Let's recall the numerous birthday parties where every child in the neighborhood was invited to come regardless of whether or not they were actual friends. This desire to socialize children also occurs in the classroom at school. "The classroom setting represents not only an educational arena but a powerful social context in which the psychological adjustment of children and adolescents can be affected."(Juvonen, p.248) Teachers tend to promote social interaction by assigning exercises that require working in pairs or groups. Furthermore, when a teacher spots a child playing alone, they will encourage him or her to join the other children while overlooking the possibility that the child might have preferred to be alone.

Draw detailed contrast between two accounts of Darwin’s killing of the fox, which you have read

Although they describe the same incident, these two texts differ not only in points of style and detail but also in terms of their respective authors' intentions. Charles Darwin, the eminent Victorian naturalist, describes his killing of the fox in his journal, which was probably aimed at a well educated audience including fellow scientists. Gitings's poem contains much more evocative language and imagery because the poet writes from a different perspective. Charles Darwin's â€Å"Voyage of the Beagle† is written as a prose text and is factual, formal, and written like a journal. In his passage he uses words like â€Å"theodolite† and â€Å"species† which suggests that the passage was aimed at a well educated audience partially his fellow scientists, as other people back then were less intelligent and wouldn't have known what those words meant. Another clue to suggest that it is meant for scientists is the use of the in parenthesis of â€Å"Canis fulvipes† which is the Latin term for a fox. Darwin's work was very important to him so in his journal he uses litotes like â€Å"knock† to make the killing of the fox sound less brutal, which helps keep the scientists on his side by not portraying him as a savage silent murderer, it also hides his embarrassment about killing the fox. His passage contains some irony as his work is based on the survival of the fittest and evolution, but when he kills the fox with his geological hammer it shows that he is only the fittest because he is armed with a weapon. But in the whole passage about the fox it contains a lot of ambivalence, as he wants to boast about how he was able to sneak up on the fox and kill it without it knowing, and about his new scientific find but he then uses words like â€Å"knock† to make it seem like he is not boasting. However Gitings's poem differs in many ways. Firstly it is a poem written in rhyming couplets with a lyrical flowing feel to it. He first begins off describing how the colour of the magnificent fox stands out from the craggy rocks of the island and then does out to personalise that fox by using â€Å"his†. For example â€Å"Round his haunches the brush curled†. This makes the audience feel for the animal like a human being rather than an animal. Throughout the beginning of the poem Gitings uses soft sounds like â€Å"se† sound in â€Å"ease† and â€Å"geese† to make the fox sound more innocent but when the humans arrive on the island he begins to use harsher sounds like â€Å"out† in â€Å"shout† to make the humans seem out of place and savage. At the beginning he also uses † The spear flight of a wedge of geese† symbolically, as to warn the reader of what is going to happen to the fox. Again later Gitings personalises the fox by describing the theodolite as â€Å"three-legged to their two†, this makes you see the humans and their equipment through the fox's point of view and make it simple like the fox would see it. Then when he gets to the point where Darwin kills the fox he uses â€Å"hiss† as a connotation which adds to the danger effect because hiss is generally associated with snakes. He describes the fox's eyes as â€Å"glazed to eternity because later when the real eyes have rotted away, it would be replaced with artificial eyes and then the fox would be stuffed and left in a museum, this makes you feel for the fox and makes you hate Darwin even more. Then to make us hate Darwin more he adds the line â€Å"And Mr Darwin, with a cough/ Scoops up the body and makes off† which shows us that Darwin doesn't care and that the fox is just another specimen for his theory ,and to show this he then uses the line â€Å"the fine mesh of his theory † which is a metaphor of â€Å"the animal trapped in the mesh† Just like the other poem this one contains irony as well :- Somehow will prove this nature's plan Selected by his larger skull To crack the other pitiful And far away the whole affair These four lines are meant to ridicule Darwin's theory of evolution as humans are only more dominant that other animals because of out technology which was fuelled by our thirst for knowledge. Yet Breeding all dilemma there. The animals of science have Invaded life. The wise and brave Are nothing or corrupted. Now The mushroom cloud begins to grow In these lines and the whole poem Gitings sees the killing of the fox as a poignant symbol for the future, because in the five lines above he explains how the human thirst for knowledge will lead us to destruction. He uses the A-bomb as an example; â€Å"the mushroom cloud begins to grow† because that is one of the dreadful things that humans have created because of knowledge. Both texts are different in many ways even though that talk about the same incident that happened. Darwin saw the incident as a triumph for mankind but Gitings saw it as the undoing of mankind so he uses everything he could to criticise Darwin and the killing of the fox. Connotation, metaphor, litotes, genre, prose text or poem text and even personification were many of the things that differed between the two poems.

Death and Immortality in The Epic of Gilgamesh Essay

Death and Immortality in The Epic of Gilgamesh The search for immortality has been a major concern for many men and women all throughout history. True love and immortality in life would be a dream come true to many. To spend time with a special someone, the person one feels closest to, and never have to say good-bye would greatly appeal to most people. But when death steps into the picture, even with all the pain and devastation, one starts to re-evaluate themselves. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Gilgamesh explores the possibility of immortality following the saddening death of his friend and brother, Enkidu. Gilgamesh, feeling the fear of his own mortality, sets out on a journey to search for a way to†¦show more content†¦After the death of Gilgamesh’s brotherly companion, Enkidu, there is a significant change in his view of life. Gilgamesh cannot bear the loss of someone so special to him. Despite his tremendous amount of power and leadership, something in his life is missing. Gilgamesh weeps for seven days and n ights, thinking that his friend would come back: â€Å"On this very day I myself shall mourn you! Hear me, O young men, hear me! Hear me, O elders of teeming Uruk, hear me! I shall weep for Enkidu, my friend, like a hired mourner-woman I shall bitterly wail†. It is during this period of the story that one can truly see the sympathetic and compassionate side of Gilgamesh. The grief in his heart has far exceeded the magnificent pride that he has previously displayed to the people of Uruk. With the death of his best friend, Gilgamesh is distraught with grief and denial. Not only is he miserable over the loss of Enkidu but also over his own death, which he knows will come some day: â€Å"I shall die, and shall I not then be as Enkidu? Sorrow has entered my heart! I am afraid of death, so I wander the wild, to find Uta-napishti, son of Ubar-Tutu†. Seeking to avoid death, Gilgamesh strives to learn the secret of everlasting life Being two-thirds god is not enough for Gilgam esh. No, he wants immortality: â€Å"I look at you, Utanapishti: your form is noShow MoreRelated The Epic of Gilgamesh is Truely an Epic Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe Epic of Gilgamesh is Truely an Epic An epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.  Ã‚   The main characteristics of an epic as a literary genre is that it is a long poem that tells a story, it contains an epic hero, its hero searches for immortality (but doesnt find it physically, only through fame), gods or other supernatural beings are interested and involved, and it delivers an historical message.  Read MoreThe Search for Immortality in the Epic of Gilgamesh Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pages The fear of death and the search for eternal life is a cultural universal. The ideology surrounding immortality transcends time and a plethora of cultures. The theme, immortality appears in stories from the Epic of Gilgamesh, which was composed by ancient Sumerians roughly around 600 B.C., to present day works of fiction in the twenty first century. Gilgamesh, a figure of celestial stature, allows his mortal side to whittle away his power after the death of Enkidu. Undeniably, defenseless beforeRead MoreAthanasia: Human Impermanence and the Journey for Eternal Life in the Epic of Gilgamesh1740 Words   |  7 PagesImpermanence and the Journey for Eternal Life in the Epic of Gilgamesh â€Å"Will you too die as Enkidu did? Will grief become your food? Will we both fear the lonely hills, so vacant? I now race from place to place, dissatisfied with whereever I am and turn my step toward Utnapishtim, godchild of Ubaratutu† (Jackson â€Å"Gilgamesh Tablet IX† 4-9) Gilgamesh so much feared death that he threw away his honor as a warrior in order to obtain immortality. For centuries there have existed individuals who yearnRead MoreRoles Of Gilegosh And The Power Of Women In Gilgamesh1440 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the power of women is very potent. The women of Gilgamesh are goddesses, priestesses and a variety of other roles, each with their own set of skills, guide Gilgamesh throughout the epic. Despite the perception of some scholars that the women of Gilgamesh appear inferior, the women have diverse and influential roles throughout the story, challenging the traditional conception of women’s lesser influence and power. The power of women in Gilgamesh is evident in the significant actions of Ninsun, IshtarRead MoreGilgamesh And Death821 Words   |  3 Pages Death is a very large theme in the The Epic of Gilgamesh. Being that this epic largely represented the Sumerian and Mesopotamians idea I believe the feeling of Gilgamesh himself on death and it s aftermath would be very much the same for most of the society in the time that it was wr itten. Gilgamesh was largely afraid of dying and did everything he could to avoid this inevitable fate. The first major sign we have of Gilgamesh s fear of dying comes when his friend Enkidu dies. At first GilgameshRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Book Of Job Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagesinstead get told in different forms. The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Job are a quest for immortality and deal with the realization that death is final and will come for everyone. The Epic of Gilgamesh and the Book of Job have a similar main theme of immortality and context, but the Book of Job has a more optimistic and friendly world view. These two stories are very similar in their context because they occur close together in history. The Epic of Gilgamesh was written around 600 B.C.E. but theRead MoreThe Road Of Immortality And Glory940 Words   |  4 PagesThe Road to Immortality and Glory â€Å"Gilgamesh† and â€Å"The Illiad† are epics that tell a character’s struggle to gain immortality and glory. Gilgamesh and Achilles’s motivations to gain immortality and glory are quite different. However, their journeys in trying to achieve these things are quite the same. Through the journey of trying to obtain immortality and glory, Gilgamesh and Achilles teach their audience the true way a person is able to gain immortality and glory in life. Although greatness,Read MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh And Analysis1436 Words   |  6 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh –Summary and analysis Introduction The Epic of Gilgamesh is an excerpt of the original text of the Epic listed in the Sources of the Western Tradition, 5th edition, by Perry, Peden and Von Laue (2003). The Epic of Gilgamesh is the story of King Gilgamesh who is the powerful king of Uruk, the incidents in his life, the associations he makes, the encounters he has, and the transition that occurs in his life in relation to his gainingRead MoreGilgamesh : The Epic Of Gilgamesh1194 Words   |  5 Pages The Epic of Gilgamesh is a Mesopotamian epic poem loosely based on a real king who ruled sometime around 2700 BCE. The standard version of this epic was written in the Akkadian language. In this epic poem, Gilgamesh is King of Uruk, he is one third mortal and two-thirds god; he is described as a strong, arrogant, and unruly king that does not show much consideration for his actions. Gilgamesh is a very egocentric person; he has no respect for the feelings of others and does not care about howRead MoreEssay On Gilgamesh A nd Fear Of Death1115 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Epic, Gilgamesh’s understanding of his mortality is almost dismissive; he argues that since all men die anyway, that then they might as well risk their lives to make a name for themselves. Gilgamesh does not question the value of â€Å"making a name for himself† in a world where all great heroes are forgotten-it is enough to use his allotted years to achieve fame and glory. In this case, Gilgamesh believes that the value of life is to be remembered after death. Gilgamesh’s mortality and fear of

Find Ideas for Enterprise Stories in Your Hometown

Enterprise reporting involves a reporter digging up stories based on his or her own observation and investigation. These stories typically arent based on a press release or a news conference, but on the reporter carefully watching for changes or trends on his beat, things that often fall under the radar because theyre not always obvious. For instance, lets say youre the police reporter for a small-town paper and over time you notice that arrests of high school students for possession of cocaine are increasing. So you talk to your sources in the police department, along with school counselors, students, and parents, and come up with a story about how more high school kids are using cocaine in your town because some big-time dealers from the nearest big city are moving into your area. Again, thats not a story based on someone holding a press conference. Its a story that the reporter dug up on his own, and, like many enterprise stories, its important. (Enterprise reporting is really just another word for investigative reporting, by the way.) So here are some ways you can find ideas for enterprise stories in various beats. Crime and Law Enforcement Talk to a police officer or detective at your local police department. Ask them what trends theyve noticed in crime over the last six months or year. Are homicides up? Armed robberies down? Are local businesses facing a rash of burglaries? Get statistics and perspective from the police on why they think the trend is occurring, then interview those affected by such crimes and write a story based on your reporting. Local Schools Interview a member of your local school board. Ask them whats happening with the school district in terms of test scores, graduation rates, and budget issues. Are test scores up or down? Has the percentage of high school grads going on to college changed much in recent years? Does the district have adequate funds to meet the needs of students and teachers or are programs having to be cut due to budget constraints?​ Local Government Interview your local mayor or a member of the city council. Ask them how the town is doing, financially and otherwise. Does the town have enough revenue to maintain services or are some departments and programs facing cutbacks? And are the cuts simply a matter of trimming fat or are important services - like police and fire, for instance - also facing cuts? Get a copy of the towns budget to see the numbers. Interview someone on the city council or town board about the figures. Business and the Economy   Interview some local small business owners to see how theyre faring. Is business up or down? Are mom-and-pop businesses being hurt by shopping malls and big-box department stores? How many small businesses on Main Street have been forced to close in recent years? Ask local merchants what it takes to maintain a profitable small business in your town. Environment Interview someone from the nearest regional office of the Environmental Protection Agency. Find out if local factories are operating cleanly or polluting your communitys air, land or water. Are there any Superfund sites in your town? Seek out local environmental groups to find out whats being done to clean up polluted areas.

Sustainable Architecture - 993 Words

Well-recognized cities worldwide have built over the years great buildings with a variety of designs and concepts however consequently too much building has been making grievous decrease on energy efficiency. Now, â€Å"Green Architecture† has been popularized and as a result a modicum of energy efficiency has increased and also it has substantiated a new perspective, a new versatile way on architecture. Now days, the world is intended to be in a worst scenario ever imagined. Climates, global warming and furthermore problems. However, I have noticed new changes, universally speaking, yet renewable energy has also been popularized to our world and I addition, it became part of Sustainable Architecture. â€Å"Sustainable Architecture describes the†¦show more content†¦I will mention a couple of examples. There’s one named â€Å"Wine Country Residence† located in Sonoma, California. â€Å"The home’s barn-like shelter provides energy, saving utility , passively shading the home’s southern windows and offering an extra layer of insulation from the hot summer month. It also creates welcome shade in some of the home’s outdoor living spaces.†(Santini and Zilafro, 30) When I saw some picture from this house I was amazed in the indoor indoor and outdoor design but before, I thought that only modicum houses were eco-friendly but â€Å"old-fashioned† however I realize now that if a house is an eco-house it doesn’t mean that it will not be breath taking but instead it will be the essential reason of jealousy from your neighborhood, families, or friends. Some of these homes have a popularized system inside them, we are talking about the heating and cooling system that gives the voicing to our sustainable architecture. However there’s likelihood that an overheating can occur. Hymers claimed that overheating: â€Å"It’s essentially uncontrolled heat that might force us to install air conditi oning or run extractor fans to cool the room down† (86) However it exists other explanations instead because due to life’s experience there’s a minimum chance that devices around the environment or even the sun’s rays can heat ridiculously your house causing certain increase in the house’sShow MoreRelatedResearch Assessment Task : Sustainable Architecture1877 Words   |  8 PagesTask: Sustainable Architecture Sustainability is the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance. Name of architect/firm: Designing Green Architecture is a creative and innovative architecture practice based in Sydney. Their philosophy: The firm specialises creating spaces to enhance life quality, sustainability, and connection to the environment and community. The philosophy of Designing Green Architecture isRead MoreCost-Effective and Beneficial Sustainable Architecture Essay2413 Words   |  10 PagesMy argument is how sustainable architecture can be used and how it can benefit the Earth and it’s residence in an environmental or cost-effective way. Thus, leading to exploration of the different forms, of technology and materials used. Further developing my research on how culture, or time, might have affected, what or why, the building might have been constructed in a certain way, and also how the location might have affected the designs, of the buildings. Thomas Herzog was born in 1941, InRead MoreWhat Is Landscape Architecture and Its Role in Sustainable Development ?3052 Words   |  13 PagesWhat is Landscape Architecture and Its role in Sustainable Development ? 1.0 Introduction Landscape architects plan the most harmonious relationships between the land and the objects on it by proper combination of open space and planting. 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The purpose of this essay report is to identify the advantages of green Architecture in Canadian Society and its positive effects on our economyRead MoreSustainable Architecture796 Words   |  4 PagesSustainable Architecture Sustainable Architecture - this phrase in recent years is mentioned a lot. The concept of sustainable architecture is associated, even identified with the concept of green architecture, ecological architecture, environmentally friendly, energy efficient ... to reach a stable value for the environment human life, reduce negative impacts on the environment in the present and future. However, although this interpretation is correct, but only one aspect, because thatsRead MoreGlobal Warming is on the Rise Essay example766 Words   |  4 Pages†Ã¢â‚¬  (Dauncey, 2014) has emerged in order to oppose the ecological damage around the world. Sustainable arquitecture can be defined as: â€Å"buildings that will stay intact for a prolonged period† (Paul,1997), this research is focused on the search of sustainable building methods and their promotion, so that people can use this methods with the skills and resources available to them. The sustainable architecture approach brings together several characteristics. However, each of these characteristics areRead MoreConcepts And Practices Of Sustainability And Green Architecture3239 Words   |  13 Pages 1. INTRODUCTION The activation of the application of the concepts and practices of sustainability and green architecture in the construction industry will lead to finding appropriate solutions to the problems of environmental, economic and functional. Green architecture and sustainable buildings is not a luxury academically, and do not approach the theory or the aspirations and dreams have no place in reality, but because they represent a global trend for the application and start to be professionalRead MoreThe Design Strategy For Energy Efficient Buildings1790 Words   |  8 PagesUCLA Sustainability, 2016). Furthermore, technology holds the key to the future of green architecture styles, scientists and designers have been busy testing and developing new construction technology, which advances sustainable architecture, including the sustainable design, the sustainable materials and the sustainable construction. Chairman of Work Group Urban Issues of ACE claims that sustainable architecture is divi ded into 11 categories, which are construction, design, energy efficiency, engineeringRead MoreConstruction Of Urban Regeneration Projects1648 Words   |  7 Pagessocial. 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Eco architecture is gradually integrating developing sustainable concepts into the architectural world and experts are currently exploring green tactics to fulfill the environmental and economical needs of architecture. The term â€Å"green† is coined with eco architecture because the

Risk Management Strategy and Plan Document Shell Free Essays

Project Selection: The first step will be to select a project that you to develop a risk management strategy and plan for. This project will be used as the basis for each of the assignments throughout the course and should conform to the following guidelines: 1. Nontrivial: The selected project candidate should reflect a real-life project that has at least the major milestones identified. We will write a custom essay sample on Risk Management Strategy and Plan Document Shell or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Domain Knowledge: You will be applying knowledge of this project to address assignments related to identifying and analyzing risks. Select a project that fits these requirements, and submit your proposal to your instructor before proceeding further with the assignments in the course. Approval should be sought within the first few days of the course. Your instructor will tell you how to submit this proposal and what notification will be given for project approval. Assignment: Your first task in this process will be to select a project to use as the basis of your Key Assignment. You will also create the shell document for the final project Key Assignment document deliverable that you will be working on throughout the course. As you proceed through each project phase, you will add content to each section of the final document to gradually complete the final project delivery, which is the Risk Management Strategy and Plan. The following project deliverables: 1. Submit project proposal to instructor for approval 2. Risk Management Strategy and Plan Document Shell * Use Microsoft Word * Title Page 1. Course number and name 2. Project name 3. Student name 4. Date * Table of Contents 1. Use auto-generated TOC 2. Separate page 3. Maximum of three levels deep 4. Be sure to update the fields of the TOC so it is up-to-date before submitting your project. 1. Section Headings (create each heading on a new page with TBD as content except for sections listed under â€Å"New Content† below) 1. Project Outline 2. Risk Management Justification 3. Project Risks Identification 4. Project Risks Assessment 5. Project Risks Responses Strategy . Project Risks Management Plan 7. Project Risks Monitoring Control Plan 8. Project Risks WBS Budget Updates 9. Project Risks Communications Plan 1. New Content to be Inserted in Above Shell * Project Outline 1. Brief description of the project. 2. The milestones and/or WBS for the project. 3. Material can be taken from approved proposal submitted to the instructor, and this will serve as the draft for the proposal. 4. Be sure this project is approve d by the instructor. 1. Risk Management Justification 1. Discuss why risk management is so important to the success of the selected project in a letter to the project sponsor. 2. Describe the steps that will be used to develop the Risk Management Plan. 3. Represent this process in a flow diagram as well 1. Project Risks Identification * Start brainstorming, at a high level, on some categories where risk could occur in this project (Note: you will continue this brainstorming activity in the next week with specifics, likelihood, and impact). Name the document yourname_MPM344_IP1. doc, and submit the document for grading. How to cite Risk Management Strategy and Plan Document Shell, Essay examples

Restoration of Euglycemia After Duodenal Bypass Surgery

Questions: 1. What is the most commonly used restrictive bariatric procedure worldwide?2. What is the difference between Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrotectomy?3. Why the secretion of gut hormone in adjustable gastric banding (AGB) is mainly considered to be due to weight loss?4. What is the possible role for GLP-1 in bariatric surgery?5. Which experiments support the hypothesis that GLP-1 is directly involved in improvement of glycemia in gastric bypass in animal and humans?6. Explain why reduction in ghrelin secretion in bariatric surgery would be beneficial on glucose homeostasis?7. Explain why improvement seen in diabetes in some type of bariatric surgery is independent of weight loss?8. What did you find most interesting or difficult? Answers: 1. The most commonly used restrictive bariatric procedure worldwide is adjustable gastric banding (AGB). 2. In the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery a major part of the stomach, duodenum and 40 cm of the jejunum are bypassed whereas the sleeve gastrotectomy involves the removal of 75% of the stomach, thr removed part includes the hormone secreting gastric fundus.3. The gastrointestinal tract remains intact as a result of the AGB surgery and continues to secrete gut hormones. However, the reduced intake capacity of the diabetic patient causes weight loss and leads to better glucose homeostasis and the improved glucose levels are independent of change in gut hormone secretion levels.4. The secretion of GLP-1 which is low in obese patients shoots up by six times after bariatric surgery. An incretin hormone, GLP-1 signals satiety and stimulates secretion of insulin. It suppresses glucagon secretion and retards gastric emptying. The increased levels of GLP-1 therefore improve glucos e homeostasis in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. However, the levels of GLP-1 are not raised in adjustable banding surgery as opposed to bariatric procedures which involve removal of parts of the GI tract.5. A set of experiments performed on rats and humans supports the hypothesis that GLP-1 is directly involved in improvement of glucose homeostasis in gastric bypass treated subjects.Exendin 9 - 39 amide (Ex-9) has been used to study the physiological activity of GLP-1. Ex-9 is known to block GLP-1 activity by binding to its receptors. GLP-1 action causing release of post prandial insulin gets blocked without any impact on other hormones required for insulin secretion. Diabetic rats that were treated with a duodenal-jejunal bypass (an RYGB-like surgical procedure) exhibited improved glucose homeostasis in comparison with sham-operated rats.Ex-9 has been used in humans to check whether high secretion of insulin in RYGB treated patients can be attributed to GLP-1 induced secretion of insulin from beta cells causing post-surgical hypoglycemia. Administration of Ex-9 resulted in a 33% fall in insulin secretion.6. The removal of gastric fundus during bariatric surgery causes reduction in ghrelin secretion. This hormone is known to stimulate appetite. It inhibits insulin secretion through a mechanism yet to be clearly understood. Ghrelin suppresses adiponectin a hormone that plays a role in insulin sensitization and causes stimulation of counter regulatory hormones. Ghrelin secretion is affected by the vagus nerve which is severed during bariatric procedures on purpose. The secretion of ghrelin continues after the procedure during which the vagus nerve remains intact.7. Improvement in glucose homeostasis has been seen in diabetics who have been treated with bariatric surgery irrespective of weight loss. The sudden rise in GLP-1 post bariatric procedures that reduce ghrelin secretion leads to greater satiety and insulin secretion. The duodenal bypass may cause higher levels of gut hormones to be released which directly improve insulin sensitivity.Secretion of diabetogenic gut secretions is reduced. Alterations in bile acids and gut microflora can improve glucose homeostasis.8. The role of GLP-1 in achieving glucose homeostasis in patients treated with bariatric surgery is the most interesting and that bypass surgeries may be bypassed in future. References: Jiao, J., Bae, E. J., Bandopadhyay, G., Oliver, J., Marathe, C., Chen, M., Hsu, J.-Y., Chen, Y., Tian, H., Olefsky, J. M., and Saberi, M. (2013). Restoration of euglycemia after duodenal bypass surgery is reliant on central and peripheral inputs in Zucker fa/fa rats. Diabetes. 62: 1074-83.Vetter, M. L., Ritter, S., Wadden, T. A., and Sarwer, D. B. (2012). Comparison of bariatric surgical procedures for diabetes remission: efficiency and mechanisms. Diabetes Spectrum. 25(4):200-10. Doi:10.2337/diaspect.25.4.200.